Access, diagnostic and drainage
Lower- and upper-tract access, investigation, temporary drainage and device care.
Flexible cystoscopy
Flexible transurethral inspection of the urethra and bladder, with selected minor working-channel procedures when appropriate.
Percutaneous nephrostomy insertion and exchange
Image-guided percutaneous access to the renal collecting system for external drainage, contrast assessment or later antegrade intervention.
Retrograde pyelography and ureteric stent procedures
Cystoscopic cannulation of the ureter for contrast definition, guidewire access and temporary internal drainage, including later exchange or removal.
Rigid cystoscopy, bladder biopsy and fulguration
Rigid transurethral inspection with stable working access for targeted or systematic biopsy and limited coagulation of selected mucosal lesions or bleeding points.
Suprapubic catheter insertion and exchange
Percutaneous or open bladder drainage through the lower abdominal wall, with later exchanges through a mature tract.
Transperineal prostate biopsy
Ultrasound-guided sampling of the prostate through the perineal skin, using targeted, systematic or mapping strategies according to the diagnostic question.
Urethral catheterisation and difficult urethral access
A family of transurethral bladder-drainage techniques, escalating from standard atraumatic placement to visually or wire-guided access when anatomy or obstruction makes passage difficult.
Urodynamic investigation
Physiological testing that relates bladder and abdominal pressures to filling, sensation, leakage and voiding, with fluoroscopic imaging added in selected complex cases.